With the advent of the AI era and the concurrent influence of geopolitical developments, Taiwan’s semiconductor industry continues to play a pivotal role in the global supply chain. In addressing a range of challenges, Taiwan Semiconductor Industry Association (TSIA) chairman and Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) senior vice president and co-COO Cliff Hou responded to questions about key issues, including the complexities of establishing fabs in the US, strategies for green energy and power, raw material controls, talent, and policy support.