Hypoxen may reduce oxygen consumption, improving coupling in respiratory chain/accelerating oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), but also inhibit succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), and activate mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channels in skeletal muscles and myocardium. On in vitro experiments compared influence of Hypoxen on OXPHOS with uncoupling agent 2,4-dinitrophenol − metabolic modulator that strongly accelerates metabolism rate. Calculated value of free energy (ΔG°) generating by Hypoxen (−115.8 to −347.4 kJ/mol), indicates that released energy is significantly exceeds of ΔG° for various known biochemical reactions.

ABSTRACT

Pharmacological potential of Hypoxen, previously registered as Olifen is evaluated herein. Hypoxen is categorized as antihypoxic agent. The active substance is polydihydroxyphenylene thiosulfonate sodium. Human studies are limited and no clinical trials following international standards is available. There is however a developed body of knowledge emerging from original studies conducted by the Russian Military Medical Academy in 1980s and 1990s despite limited online access. Hypoxen is promoted to improve oxygen supply or reduce oxygen consumption under hypoxic conditions and physical load. It is thought to support faster recovery, and can be used in complex treatments of diseases accompanied by hypoxia like myocardial ischemia. From clinical perspective, it may enhance cellular respiration by improving coupling in the respiratory chain/accelerating oxidative phosphorylation, but also inhibit succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), and activate mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channels (mitoK_ATP) in skeletal muscles and myocardium. In 2023, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) added Hypoxen to the Monitoring Program as there had been documented evidence of its use by athletes. On in vitro experiments compared the influence of Hypoxen on oxidative phosphorylation with mitochondrial uncoupling agent 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) a unique metabolic modulator that strongly accelerates the metabolism rate, prohibited since 2024 by WADA. Most studies focus on exercise performance, and may provide some evidence that Hypoxen has the potential to enhance performance, the first criteria considered for addition of substance to the WADA Prohibited List. Pharmacodynamics and ergogenic effects of Hypoxen suggests potential as metabolic modulator.